Women can be difficult to understand. Men often find themselves going crazy trying to figure us out. It’s hard to know what we’re thinking! This is especially true when it comes to women in China. Many Chinese ladies will say yes when what they mean is no, especially when they are communicating with their boyfriend or husband. In general Chinese women tend to be more restrained, and do not express themselves in a direct way. So how can you know what we are thinking? Let me reveal to you “8 Love’s Lies” help you understand their true meaning.

1. 你好笨啊！ nǐ hǎo bèn a! 

You are so stupid!

If a Chinese woman says this, don’t take it negatively. This is actually an expression of love and affection. Sometimes, we use “笨 (bèn)” to describe our boyfriends in an endearing manner. Chinese women often use negative words like “笨 (bèn) stupid” or “蠢 (chǔn) stupid” when talking with people who are close to them because they know these words they can use freely. The relationship between them is so close, they feel comfortable being free with their language and making fun. This is a way to express their close relationship. Other similar expressions include:

小笨蛋 (xiǎo bèndàn): Small stupid, Little fool.

Example:

Xiǎo bèndàn, nǐ zhēn de hǎo kě’ài.

小笨蛋, 你真的好可爱.

Little fool, you are so lovely.

2. 你好讨厌！ nǐ hǎo tǎoyàn!   

You are so annoying!

Some Chinese women use this sentence when they want to act cute. Usually, when they say this expression the real intention is “you are amusing” or “you are lovely and I like you.”

3. 我没事！/ 我很好！wǒ méishì! / Wǒ hěn hǎo!  

I’m okay! / I’m very good!

Trust me, if a Chinese lady says “我没事 (wǒ méishì)” or “我很好 (wǒ hěn hǎo)”–most of time they are meaning the exactly opposite: “I am not okay.” Like many women, Chinese women will often try to hide feelings of depression, anger, or cover up the fact that they have made any mistakes. By saying this they are able to avoid the inconvenience of having to reflect on these things. They want to keep you from worrying, too. But don’t be fooled. When they say they’re okay, they are really saying is, “I’m not okay, and I’m not very happy.”

4. 太贵了！tài guì le!

Too expensive!

If you go shopping with your Chinese girlfriend, she might say “太贵了 (tài guì le).” So how do you think you would react? Oftentimes men will go out of the store and compare the price of other items. This is NOT the thing to do in China. Because “太贵了 (tài guì le) Too expensive” actually means “she really, really likes this thing.” If your lady is shopping with you and sees something very special, her first reaction is to go forward and check it carefully. If she sees the price is high, she will often say “太贵了，我们不需要买。(tài guì le, wǒmen bù xū yāo mǎi) It’s too expensive, we don’t need to buy it.” At this time, the considerate man should know that the woman really likes the item, not that she doesn’t like it.

5. 我不在乎。wǒ bù zàihū.

I don’t care.

“我不在乎 (wǒ bùzàihū) I don’t care.”- again, the opposite. She totally cares. For example: Some females show a careless attitude toward their boyfriend’s ex-girlfriends. They even say “我不在乎 (wǒ bùzàihū) I don’t care.” Don’t be fooled! Men need to know that this is often said by women who do not want to appear jealous. But the truth is, if your girlfriend cares for you, she cares about your history. So don’t get tricked on this one. She definitely cares.

6. 我再也不想见到你!  wǒ zài yě bùxiǎng jiàn dào nǐ!

I don’t want to see you again!

Women often use words like “我再也不想见到你 (wǒ zài yě bùxiǎng jiàn dào nǐ) I don’t want to see you again!” to hide their disappointment. This is just a kneejerk statement. Don’t take her literally when she says this. When you hear this phrase, know that she just might need a little space, or even a hug and some affection to show her how much you care. These bad moods may come often, so don’t be intimidated by them.

7. 你是一个好人。  nǐ shì yīgè hǎorén. 

You are a good guy.

If a Chinese lady says to you: “你是一个好人 (nǐ shì yí gè hǎorén) You are a good person.” you have the right to feel disappointed. Because Chinese women only express this kind of admiration to a guy they are officially putting in the friend zone. What sounds like admiration is just a basic declaration of: “You are just a friend and I’m not interested in you romantically.” In Chinese, we say is “发好人卡 (Fā hǎorén kǎ) send good guy card.” or that “好人卡＝ In the friend zone”.

8. 没关系，你去忙吧！ méiguānxì, nǐ qù máng ba!

It does not matter, you can go to work!

Usually women will say “没关系，你去忙吧 (méiguānxì, nǐ qù máng ba) It does not matter, you can go to work!” when you say that you are tied up with work and can’t make time right then to be with her. But you should know that when they say this they do in fact want your company, then and there. Most of time, when it comes to either your work or your girlfriend, your girlfriend hopes that she is the top priority.

huā yǒu chóng kāi rì，rén wú zài shào nián

花有重开日，人无再少年。

Flowers may bloom again, but a person never has the chance to be young again.

This proverb warns us that once youth is gone it will never come back, So cherish our time and don’t waste your youth.

Happy Chinese New Year! It’s now the year of the pig! As the zodiac cycle repeats every 12 years, if you were born within the Chinese Calendar year starting in 1923, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007, and 2019, then you belong to the Year of Pig.

Cultural Activities

Chinese New Year, also known as Lunar New Year (农历新年 nóng lì xīn nián) is seen as the most important time of the year in Chinese culture. To celebrate the festival, there are various rituals and customs that the Chinese people follow, one of which is to visit family and friends. Chinese New Year is an opportunity to reunite with family, friends, and loved ones. In practice, visiting them at their homes is a custom called 拜年 (bài nián).

During these visits, it’s common practice for people to dress in red, as this colour symbolizes ‘good luck’. Generally, people exchange festive gifts, while senior members of the group will give out ‘red envelopes’, which are in fact cash gifts, to the more junior, unmarried members of the family. This act is considered as ‘sending good luck’ to others. Furthermore, everyone would greet one another with New Year blessings, wishing each other good fortune, health, and wealth.

Be aware, though, that there are some gifts that are taboo, and which you shouldn’t bring at all. Here’s a handy list of gifts to be avoided: ‘Beware of Certain Taboos’. Always make sure that you are giving the right gift so that you will not accidentally insult anyone.

Greetings During the New Year of the Pig

Apart from the traditional New Year greetings, below are 6 Chinese New Year greetings that relate to ‘pigs’ (猪 zhū), and are suitable for use this year!

1. 猪年进步 (zhū nián jìn bù)

‘‘May you make progress in the Year of Pig’’

‘猪年’ represents ‘the Year of Pig’, and ‘进步’ means ‘to improve’. This statement is a general greeting and is applicable in various situations during Chinese New Year.

2. “猪”事顺利

诸事顺利 (zhū shì shùn lì)

“May all things work out smoothly”

‘诸事’ refers to ‘all things, different things’, and ‘顺利’ means ‘smooth’. The phrase can be used to greet people of all ages. ‘诸 (zhū)’ shares the same sound as ‘pig, 猪 (zhū)’, therefore it’s particularly popular to be used in the Year of the Pig.

3. “猪”事如意

诸事如意 (zhū shì rú yì)

“May all things go as you wish”

Similar to ‘诸事顺利’, the word ‘诸’ from ‘诸事如意’ also takes the exact pronunciation as ‘pig’, which is ‘猪 (zhū)’.This makes it suitable to be used during the New Year of the Pig. Yet, ‘如意’ has a slightly different meaning from ‘顺利’, which means ‘as one wishes’.

4. “猪”报平安

竹报平安 (zhú bào píng ān)

“May you be peaceful and safe”

The phrase is a traditional idiom that people used when sending mail back home to reassure their family that everything was well and peaceful after being away from home for a long time. Nowadays, the phrase is a nice blessing to wish someone peace and safety. ‘竹 (zhú)’ has a similar sound to  ‘猪 (zhū)’, which means pig, therefore it is particularly appropriate to be used this year.

5. 胸有成“猪”

事事胸有成竹 (shì shì xiōng yǒu chéng zhú)

“May you have a well-designed plan for all things”

‘事事’ equals to ‘everything’, and ‘胸有成竹’ is a traditional idiom indicating one has a thorough plan in advance before any kind of work. This is a nice saying especially between businesses or corporations. Also, ‘竹 (zhú)’, having a similar sound to ‘pig, 猪 (zhū)’, makes it more meaningful for the Year of the Pig.

6. 猪笼入水

(zhū lóng rù shuǐ)

“May wealth flow in”

This saying is more often used among Southern Chinese. ‘猪笼’ literally means ‘pig cage’, while ‘入’ and ‘水’ mean ‘enter’ and ‘water’ respectively. ‘Water flowing in a pig cage’ symbolizes wealth flowing into your pocket, therefore it’s a good way to wish one wealth and prosperity. In particular, the phrase consists of the word ‘猪 (zhū), pig’, so this year is the right time to use this greeting.

As was mentioned, Chinese New Year is a time for families and friends to reunite and get-together in happy gatherings. It is traditionally a joyful time for everyone, and it is also a time for renewal and hopes. Since it is a new year, it is also a time to start over and make things better in our lives moving forward.

Wish you all a wonderful and joyful Year of the Pig!

祝大家猪年快乐!

Writing, the carrier of culture and the symbol of human civilization, first appeared in Sumer. Like other ancient languages of Egypt and India, ancient Sumerian symbols have been lost in the process of history, but only Chinese characters still remain in use today. They have played a significant role in the development of Chinese language and culture. This article intends to display how Chinese characters were created and how they were simplified from the ancient form of writing to more abstract.

Origin of Chinese characters

Chinese characters, in their initial forms, were beautiful and appropriately reflected images in the minds of ancient Chinese that complied with their understanding of reality. Chinese people selected the way of expressing meaning by figures and pictures, and Chinese characters began with drawings.

Three Myths in Ancient Times

It is difficult to determine the specific time when the Chinese characters emerged. There are three old myths about the origin of Chinese characters. The first refers to the belief that Chinese characters were created by Fu Xi — the first of Three Sovereigns in ancient China, who has drawn the Eight Trigrams which have evolved into Chinese characters. The mysterious Eight Trigrams used for divination is composed of the symbols “–” and “– –”, representing Yang and Yin respectively.

Yin and Yang go together, constituting eight areas with three couples in one group, indicating different natural phenomena and things. But these basic symbols are very far from the oracle bone inscriptions (the inscriptions on animal bones and tortoise shells). Therefore, the first statement had been denied by most of the sinologists. It’s hard to believe that Eight Trigrams are the origin of Han characters.

The second one is that Chinese characters were created by the use of knots. It is said that recording events by knots started with Emperor Shen Nung (approximately 2838–2698 BC), so Chinese characters were invented by Shen Nung. Many experts thought that people made knots on ropes to remember something and knots could have been used by almost all primitive people, but it is not possible that they evolved into the writing or functioned as a language. That indicates, it is impossible that Chinese characters were created by the use of knots.

The last popular myth is that Cang Jie, historical chronicler of the Yellow Emperor (ancestor of the Chinese people) over 5,000 years ago, was the inventor of Chinese characters. According to ancient writings, Cang Jie had four eyes and four pupils which could observe different things of the world. When he raised his head he could understand the form of the stars in the sky; when he lowered his head he could distinguish the tracks of birds and animals on the ground.

Therefore, he invented a lot of symbols to represent different objects and affairs, which were the oldest Chinese characters. When he invented the characters, the Heaven rained the grain and the ghosts cried at night. Xunzi (the book collecting the elaborately argued essays by Hsun Tzu  -  a Chinese Confucian philosopher) and other ancient books also recorded the myth of Cang Jie. Evidently, it is hard to accept that the characters were created solely by an individual. The characters have been, most probably, invented by a number of people, each of whom might have engraved some figures or draw some pictures. Cang Jie, if only be had existed, would be one of the very scholarly people who could collect and settle the different symbols and tell people the corresponding meanings so that people could remember something of importance in their lives. Furthermore, from the scientific perspective, the appearance and forming of any kind of writing have to meet the needs of social life must surely have experienced a considerably long period of trial and development.

Chinese characters are a huge and complicated system, and they could have come into being over a long course of laboring and living. However, the relationship between Cang Jie and the creation of Chinese characters cannot be completely denied. The most important information which we can discover from the previous records is that Chinese characters are ideographic and have originated from drawings.

Predecessor of Ancient Chinese Characters

The oracle scripts on the tortoise shells and animal bones in the Shang Dynasty (1711–1066 BC) were deemed the oldest characters. However, characters of the Shang Dynasty we can see today is mature and had been developed, so Chinese characters might have emerged long before that dynasty, perhaps as early as the New Stone Age during which period Chinese people carved and painted many symbols on pottery. These symbols had a significant relationship with Chinese characters and were the most important materials to research the origin of Chinese characters.

Archaeological researchers discovered many geometric symbols on earthenware excavated from Banpo Village and Jiangzhai Village in Xi’an City, Shanxi Province. Their etchings, consisting of lines, were carved during the Yangshao Culture period about 6,000 years ago. They are too simple and abstract to figure out their meanings, although some of the regular symbols repeated several times. It should be mentioned that there are similar symbols on unearthed relics in ruins of the same period of other cultures. These symbols, which have some certain similarities to the Chinese characters, might well be the predecessors of the ancient Chinese characters.

The ruins of the Erlitou Culture, which had been generally identified by Chinese archaeologists to the site of Xia Dynasty (21st - 17th century BC, the first dynasty in China), were discovered in Erlitou, Henan Province. More than 20 kinds of symbols, dating back at least 4,000 years, carved on pottery were unearthed. Some simple number symbols carved on the surface of pottery such as “一”, “二”, “三”, “M”, “X”, “个”, “十”, “∧” might be used to mark the capacity of earthenware. The forms of these symbols were very similar to those excavated from Banpo Village and Jiangzhai Village, and some of them had a close similarity to the oracle bone inscriptions. However, most of these geometric symbols appeared in single words but not phrases or sentences, so that we cannot say for certain that they are actually characters. But the specialists and scholars presumed from the consistent line structure with the simple characters used now that the geometric symbols carved on the pottery are probably the genesis of the Chinese characters.

Evolution of Chinese Characters

Chinese characters from the earliest Chinese hieroglyphs to today’s simple characters have undergone through a very long process of development which can be divided into two periods: ancient writing and modern writing. Associated with these two periods, Chinese characters had experienced several times of evolution into many different script forms. Oracle bone script of the Shang Dynasty (1711 - 1066 BC) is the earliest systematic form of Chinese characters inscribed on animal bones and tortoise shells. Then Chinese characters evolved through the bronze script of the Zhou Dynasty (1066–256 century BC), seal scrip in the late Zhou Dynasty and Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), official script in the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) and regular script. Based on pictographs, Chinese characters gradually developed from the form of drawings to strokes and from complex to simple ones.

Earliest Characters in China

Oracle bone script (Chinese: 甲骨文, Pinyin: jiăgŭwén) is the inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty (1711 - 1066 BC). It was first excavated by the local farmers in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province and was sold as a kind of traditional Chinese medicine called “long” (dragon bones).

In 1899, Wang Yirong, epigraphist of Qing Dynasty (1616–1911), who had a great interest in ancient characters, found many inscriptions on long when he bought traditional Chinese medicine and he thought these inscriptions were ancient characters.

In 1910, the famous scholar Luo Zhenyu affirmed that Xiaotun Village was the capital of the Shang Dynasty, called “Yin”. Hereafter, these inscriptions were designated as Shang script from about 3,000 years ago, which was of great historical significance.

Now 150,000 pieces of animal bones and tortoise shells have been unearthed from the ruins of Yin and other places, including more than 4,500 distinctive characters. As the oracle bone script had the strong features of pictograph and ideograph, some characters could still be recognized by people, although in an early stage of development. To that date, more than 1,700 characters have been interpreted, most of them as prayers by Shang rulers at divination and sacrificial rites.

Before going on a war or a big hunt, there would be a harvest to divine the outcome by animal bones and tortoise shells. Of course, there were a few inscriptions used as simple records.

The oracle bone script from the ruins of Yin consisting of phrases and simple sentences shows that a well-structured script with a complete system of written signs has been formed in the early age. In the past, it had long been thought to be the earliest Chinese characters discovered in China. However, the new archaeological findings proved that this script contains not the earliest characters in ancient China. From 1985 to 1986, Chinese archaeologists discovered a primitive village site from the Longshan Culture period in Chang’an district of Xi’an where animal bones with carving inscriptions were unearthed. From 1996 to 1997, two bones with inscriptions were excavated in Hengtai, Shandong Province. At that time, few excavators believed that the discoveries might be related to characters or symbols. Unfortunately, most of the excavators had not given enough attention to these inscriptions which are largely considered to be damaged by moth or grassroots.

In 2005, Professor Liu Fengjun, a Chinese archaeologist and ancient characters researcher, found a small bone with an inscribed pattern in Jinan. He affirmed that the bone was the Neolithic relic and the inscriptions carved on it were the early characters. In 2007, he discovered and verified a number of bones with inscriptions collected in Changle County, Shandong Province. He first made these bones public and announced the inscriptions above were the Dongyi writing from Longshan Culture period, dating back some 4,000 - 4,500 years. Compared with the oracle bone script of the Yin Ruins, these inscriptions without any divination traces were used to record events. After the further research, the inscriptions carved above these bones, called “bone inscriptions”, were identified as the earliest Chinese hieroglyphs by academia. And they were also regarded as the major source of the oracle bone inscriptions.

Ancient Chinese Characters

The following phase in the evolution of Chinese characters is represented by symbols inscribed on bronze bells and vessels from the Zhou Dynasty (1066–256 BC), writing is known as “bronze script”. In addition, the characters cast in bronze ware are also called 金文 or 钟鼎文 in Chinese (Pinyin: jīnwén or zhōngdĭngwén, respectively) with “wén” meaning “inscription”, because bronze was called “jīn” at that time and Zhōng (bell) and Dĭng (tripodal vessels used for sacrifice) were the symbols of power and position.

In the “Age of Bronze Ware” of China during the period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze ware was cast as a container, and most often as the sacrificial vessels to inscribe great events such as sacrifice, battle results, trade of slaves, etc. in a style just like the oracle bone script. In the Shang Dynasty, the inscriptions on bronze ware had very few characters, the form of which is extremely close to that of the oracle bone script. The size, complexity, formation of the characters are inconsistent. However, in the Zhou Dynasty, the characters in bronze inscriptions were simpler, and the size and formation were more fixed. The bronze inscriptions looked like drawings but had made significant progress from pictographic forms to block-shaped linear words we use today.

Toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty, a new script called the “seal script” (Chinese: 篆书, Pinyin: zhuànshū) begun to be used in Qin State. This script was usually written on bamboo slips and pieces of silk or inscribed on rocks and stones. Owing to the regular and symmetric structure, rounded and graceful lines, it is deemed to be the most beautiful style of characters in ancient China by calligraphers. It is still used for inscribing names on a seal today. There are two kinds of seal script: large or great seal script and lesser or small seal script.

The large seal script (Chinese: 大篆, Pinyin: dàzhuàn) is a traditional reference to all types of Chinese writing systems used before the Qin Dynasty. However, due to the lack of research achievements and precision, scholars often avoid the large seal script, instead of using more specified terms to the examples of writing. The large seal script was widely used in many vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 - 476 BC). It was more regular and symmetrical than bronze inscription in the writing system. From some unearthed artworks, the large seal script is generally represented by the stone drum inscription (in about 770 - 325 BC) which is now popularly recognized as referring to the stone inscriptions prevailed in Qin State during the Spring and Autumn period. The stone drum inscription is considered to be a transitional form from the bronze inscription in the Zhou Dynasty to later lesser seal script in the Qin Dynasty. Now many scholars pay more attention to the stone drum inscription because it is one of the most important relics to research the development of characters and the stone-carving art.

During the new era  -  the Warring States Period (457 - 221 BC), Chinese characters used by seven states had different ways of writing. After the Qin State conquered the other six states and established the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), Emperor Qinshihuang unified characters in order to strengthen his control. Based on the Large Seal script and rearranging the variant forms of characters in each state, the unified characters were decreed, called lesser or small seal script (Chinese: 小篆, Pinyin: xiăozhuàn) which was the official style of characters in Qin Dynasty used for all the documents of the government. It was the result of the first extensive simplification and standardization of Chinese characters. Compared with the oracle bone script and bronze script, in the lesser seal script, the forms of characters were simpler, the writing method was consistent, and the character pattern was more orderly. Furthermore, all the characters were the rough block in shape. However, the lines composing of the characters were complicated and curved, although they were less similar to drawings. The Ancient Writing Period, from the earliest known oracle bone script to the development of the seal script, lasted about 1,160 years. And the lesser seal script marked the end of the ancient Chinese characters.

Modern Chinese Characters

In the Qin Dynasty, scholars could not have imaged that great changes in the form of Chinese characters had happened when they wrote the lesser seal script rapidly on bamboo slips or wood, i.e. clerical script or official script. After the unification of China, the seal script was still popular, but could not satisfy the needs of people because of its lengthened and curved lines being written were quite time-consuming, so another faster and convenient style of writing called “clerical script” (Chinese: 隶书, Pinyin: lìshū) appeared during the late of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty (206 BC  -  220 AD). “Lì” meant a slave or prisoner in servitude, thus some scholars inferred that the new style of character was created by the slaves or prisoners serving the state which dealt with a large number of relatively official documents. In order to save time, they changed the rounded lines into straight ones which became the officially approved formal way of writing. There is also a historical legend which attributed the creation of a clerical script to Cheng Miao, who was said to have invented it on the orders of Qinshihuang.

However, according to archaeological evidence, all stages of Chinese writing had taken a long course and could not have been invented by an individual. In fact, the clerical script, as well, was created in accumulated work of many people. Furthermore, archaeological discoveries clearly showed that, besides the lesser seal script in the Qin Dynasty, the clerical script found favor among ordinaries at that time. Till the Han Dynasty, the clerical script developed completely mature form and became in common use not only by ordinary people but also by government officials. Recently, “Lì” was noted to have the meaning of “affiliate”, so the clerical script might be the derivative of the seal script.

The Silk Books in tombs of Han Dynasty unearthed at Mawangdui substantiates the origination and formation of the clerical script and supplies a gap of calligraphy history. We could observe from the books that the form of the clerical script totally broke away drawing and was very different from the seal script. There have been made several modifications and simplifications to make the Chinese writing convenient and tidy: the curved lines became somewhat straight strokes; the overall the number of lines were reduced; some complex components merged into one; the forms of characters were simplified. Above all, Chinese characters were no longer pictographic but became more abstract ideographic symbols composed of strokes.

The largest transformation from the seal script to the clerical script is often referred to as the “clerical change”, after which there have been few enormous changes to present characters we see today in general. This change allowed people to write the characters easier and faster. Thus, the emergence of the clerical script had an important significance in the evolution of Chinese characters, which marked that the Chinese characters began to enter the modern writing period.

From the clerical change to the present, it has been more than 2,200 years. This the period in the historical development of Chinese characters is still called modern because the structures of Chinese characters have remained the same until today. Although there has not been any change about the structures of Chinese characters since the clerical change, the strokes of Chinese characters have undergone two main stages: regularization and normalization.

Toward the end of the Han Dynasty, the strokes with the wavy endings and some thick curvy lines seen in the clerical script became smooth and straight. This change is known as “regularization” after which the characters called the regular script (Chinese: 楷书, Pinyin: kăishū) appeared at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220) and replaced the clerical script to be the major font of daily writing. The regular script could serve as an example of learning by the people generation after generation even up to the present days because it is much simpler and easier to be written than the clerical script. So many calligraphers like Zhong Yao in the Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD), Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 - 420 AD), Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907), Su Shi in the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) contributed to the regular script as the standard for students to admire, imitate and learn. It has been the standard and formal writing style for more than 1,800 years with the widest and longest usage.

Also born in the late Han Dynasty, the cursive and running styles were the results of the regular script rapidly. The cursive script broke the block-shaped forms of characters. The lines are vibrating and strokes are connected with each other. It is hard to identify and read although it is written in a quick way and the characters are elegant and vigorous. The running script is writing between the regular script and cursive script. It is easy to recognize and is extremely fluent and practical. However, these two styles have never been thought as the standard writing because of the many variations. Instead, they have been used as a form of art.

Reform of Modern Chinese Characters

We can see from the evolutionary process of Chinese characters in the past thousands of years that the general trend is moving towards simplicity. The Chinese characters abandoned complicated and difficult forms and adopted simpler and easier forms. In this way, the same character has not only changed the shape in various ways but also simplified the pattern although its rudimental meaning stayed relatively unchanged. However, many characters still remained complicated and were difficult to learn. Some have variations caused by many centuries of use, others arose from a lack of uniformity.

Therefore, from the end of the Qing Dynasty, more and more scholars started to explore the Chinese character reform, such as adopting the Latin alphabets, digit symbols or Ryakuji. But these attempts have failed because of the specificities of the Chinese characters which were considered as a kind of visual symbols, strong at conveying meaning and aesthetics and could inspire the imagination and creativity. In order to continuously overcome the shortcoming of Chinese characters being difficult to be remembered, written and identified, a special government organization, first called the Committee for Chinese Language Reform and later the National Language Commission was established in 1954 and was devoted to the normalization of the Chinese characters.

In 1955, the “List of the First Group of Standardized Forms of Variant Characters” was officially published? 1,027 variant characters were abolished, and the remaining characters have been considered as the “the standard forms of characters”. In 1956, the “Scheme for Simplifying Chinese Characters” was officially published. In 1964, the “Complete List of Simplified Characters” was published, and it was republished in 1986. 2,259 complex characters were abolished, and components of the characters were simplified. The list has 2,235 simplified characters in total, and 482 of them are basic. Among these 482 simplified characters, 20 percent were invented in the 1950s, while the other 80 percent were created over several thousand years ago. In 1988, the “List of Generally Used Characters in Modern Chinese” including 7,000 characters, was officially publis2hed, and later in the same year, the “List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese”, was also officially published. The second list contains 3,500 characters, which essentially conforms to the use of words in modern Chinese.

The original forms of Chinese characters, before being simplified, are often known as “complex characters”, which together with the characters that were created before the 20th century and had the same structure since the “clerical change” without being simplified, constitute the traditional forms of Chinese characters. And they are still in use in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. While after almost 50 years of simplifying, systemizing and standardizing work, Chinese characters are considered normalized. The normalized forms of Chinese characters referring to the modern Chinese characters consist of those Chinese characters having been simplified or standardized since the 1950s and the Chinese characters without simplifying until today. They are officially recognized and used in Mainland China, Singapore, and Malaysia. The students in Chinese schools now are required to write the modern Chinese characters as the regular script.

Let’s take a look at these 10 2018 Chinese buzzwords.

1. 锦鲤 (jǐn lǐ)

锦鲤 refers to the Koi fish. Since 锦鲤 represents good luck in 风水(fengshui), Chinese people are very interested in them. Numerous koi fish related tweets are reposted to wish others better health and abundant wealth.

In China and Japan, people have a long history of keeping koi fish which is believed to bring good luck. The tradition is kept on the internet, as “转发锦鲤 (reposting koi fish)”, and it has become a trend on Chinese social medias.

e.g.

转发这个锦鲤，你2019会一切顺利！(Zhuǎnfā zhège jǐn lǐ, nǐ 2019 huì yīqiè shùnlì!)

Repost this Koi Fish, everything will go smoothly with you in 2019!

转发这条微博，你就是下一个锦鲤！(Zhuǎnfā zhè tiáo wēi bó, nǐ jiùshì xià yīgè jǐn lǐ!)

Repost this tweet, you are the next Koi Fish!

2. 佛系 (fó xì)

Literally, 佛(fó) means buddha and 系(xì) means system or style. 佛系 refers to a Buddha-like mindset.

For the Chinese youth, being 佛系 means adopting a peaceful state of mind and not caring how others think about them. The popular slogan goes like “都可以/都行(dōu kěyǐ/dōu xíng)” (Anything is okay),“就这样吧(就这样吧)“ (Let it be), "没关系 (méiguānxì)”, (It doesn`t matter),

etc. Somehow, they are regarded as more negative emotions since it seems that some people just simply want to avoid the stresses from competitive surroundings by taking this mindset.

e.g.

A: 什么都行。我无所谓。(Shénme dōu xíng. Wǒ wúsuǒwèi.)

Anything is okay. I don’t mind.

B: 那么佛系？(Nàme fó xì?)

Such buddha-like?

A: 是的，我现在是佛系青年。(Shì de, wǒ xiànzài shì fó xì qīngnián.)

Yes, I’m a buddha-like youth now.

3. Skr

Originally, this sound refers to the car tire friction. Skr was known widely by people because of Chinese young idol Kris Wu who used the term frequently on a show called中国有嘻哈(the Rap of China). It`s very popular among netizens who now somewhat use it for mocking. But at first it was used to express admiration and praise.

Since it sounds similar to the Chinese sound [si ge] which can be transcribed as 是个，死个, etc., thus this sound is also used in many sound related sentences.

e.g.

冷skr人了 à 冷死个人了。(Lěng sǐ gè rénle.)

It`s sooo cold!

你真skr人才。 à 你真是个人才。(Nǐ zhēn shì gè réncái.)

You are such a talent.

4. 杠精 (gàng jīng)

Contrarian, hater

Here 杠 is from the Chinese word “抬杠(táigàng)” which means contradict or talk back. 杠精 describes someone who automatically takes the opposite point-of-view from the person to whom they`re speaking. These people just argue for the sake of arguing.

e.g.

A: 我发现我老板的管理方式真的很有问题。(Wǒ fāxiàn wǒ lǎobǎn de guǎnlǐ fāngshì zhēn de hěn yǒu wèntí.)

I find that my boss’s management style to be really problematic.

B: 那你怎么不去当老板？(Nà nǐ zěnme bù qù dāng lǎobǎn?)

Then why aren’t you the boss?

A: 我刚从云南回来。那里真的是太美了。(Wǒ gāng cóng yúnnán huílái. Nàlǐ zhēn de shì tàiměile)

I just came back from Yunnan. It’s so beautiful.

B: 美吗？那你显然是没去过九寨沟了。(Měi ma? Nà nǐ xiǎnrán shì méi qùguò jiǔzhàigōule.)

Beautiful? You’ve obviously never seen Jiuzhaigou!

5. 确认过眼神 (quèrèn guò yǎnshén)

Literally 确认过眼神 means “Have confirmed the expression from the eyes.” The netizens use this phrase to express “we can see that from one`s eyes” or “to look somebody in the eyes.”

e.g.

确认过眼神，你就是对的人！(Quèrènguò yǎnshén, nǐ jiùshì duì de rén!)

Looking you in the eyes, you are the correct one!

确认过眼神，他是不理想的人。(Quèrènguò yǎnshén, tā shì bù lǐxiǎng de rén.)

I can see that from his eyes. He is not the ideal one.

6. 官宣 (guān xuān)

官宣 is short for 官方宣布which literally means “an official announcement”. The abbreviated version 官宣 is often used on the internet for netizens to announce something.

e.g.

官宣！我们结婚啦！(Guān xuān! Wǒmen jiéhūn la!)

Official announcement! We are getting married!

我的偶像官宣恋爱了。(Wǒ de ǒuxiàng guān xuān liàn’àile.)

My idol officially announced that she/he is in love.

7. 土味情话 (tǔ wèi qínghuà)

土味情话refers to lines which sound very emotional, romantic, and even embarrassing in some way, though it’s often also used to break the ice.

For netizens, it’s a kind of cold humor composed of love words. Here are some cheesy pick-up lines for you:

你不累吗？你已经在我的脑海中跑一天了。(Nǐ bù lèi ma? Nǐ yǐjīng zài wǒ de nǎohǎi zhōng pǎo yītiānle.)

Are you sure you’re not tired? You’ve been running through my mind all day.

我觉得我认识你。因为你看起来像我下一个女朋友。(Wǒ juédé wǒ rènshì nǐ. Yīnwèi nǐ kàn qǐlái xiàng wǒ xià yīgè nǚ péngyǒu.)

I think I know you. Because you look exactly like my next girlfriend.

8. 皮一下 (pí yī xià)

Literally speaking, 皮 means “being naughty” in the Chinese language, which is often used in oral Chinese. 皮一下 indicates making fun of someone or playing a trick, and it sounds a little cute.

e.g.

皮一下很开心。(Pí yīxià hěn kāixīn.)

It`s fun to be naughty.

没事儿就想皮一下。(Méishìr jiù xiǎng pí yīxià.)

I want to play a trick when there is nothing to do.

9. 燃烧我的卡路里 (ránshāo wǒ de kǎlùlǐ)

Literally, this sentence means “burn my calories.” It comes from a song called Calorie which is sung by the hot Chinese girl group 火箭少女 101 (Rocket Girls 101). Its special melody, lyrics, and very contentious singers made the line of this song a hit all over the internet.

10. C位 (C wèi)

C is an abbreviation of the word “center”, so “C位” means the center position. It generally refers to the center of the stage, the artist’s position in the middle, or the most crucial spot of a poster. Just like the one above, 燃烧我的卡路里, this phrase also originated from the girl group 火箭少女101 (Rocket Girls 101).

Apparently, this group really was a hit in 2018. The girls of this group are selected by internet users basing on the reality show 创造101 (Produce 101). There were about 100 trainees to be selected and trained. In the end, only nine girls were left on the stage as the final winners to compose this new girl idol group. The center position trainees would get the best position of the group.

e.g.

投票！让你的偶像C位出道！(Tóupiào! Ràng nǐ de ǒuxiàng C wèi chūdào!)

Vote！Make your idol enter entertainment with the center position!

照相的时候一般领导站C位。(Zhàoxiàng de shíhòu yībān lǐngdǎo zhàn C wèi.)

Normally, the leaders will take the center position when taking photos.

平安夜

平安夜，圣善夜！
万暗中，光华射，
照着圣母也照着圣婴，
多少慈祥也多少天真，
静享天赐安眠，静享天赐安眠。
平安夜，圣善夜！
牧羊人，在旷野，
忽然看见了天上光华，
听见天军唱哈利路亚，
救主今夜降生，救主今夜降生！
平安夜，圣善夜！
神子爱，光皎洁，
救赎宏恩的黎明来到，
圣容发出来荣光普照，
耶稣我主降生，耶稣我主降生！

Silent night

Silent night Holy night
All is calm all is bright
‘Round yon virgin Mother and Child
Holy infant so tender and mild
Sleep in heavenly peace
Sleep in heavenly peace
Silent night, holy night,
Shepherds quake at the sight.
Glories stream from heaven afar,
Heav'nly hosts sing Alleluia;
Christ the Savior is born;
Christ the Savior is born.
Silent night, holy night,
Son of God, love’s pure light.
Radiant beams from Thy holy face,
With the dawn of redeeming grace,
Jesus, Lord, at Thy birth;
Jesus, Lord, at Thy birth.

“冬至” (dong1 zhi4, the Winter Solstice ) implies the arrival of the coldest time in winter. The solar term also tells that daytime on that day is the shortest in a year. The solar term is usually on 21st - 23rd of December.

“天时人事日相催，冬至阳生春又来” - by Du Fu, it is a famous verse in ancient poetry. This poem mainly tells the story of the rapid change every day, and soon to the Winter Solstice, the daylight gets longer after the Winter Solstice, the weather is warming up. Also, the Spring is coming back.

The Winter Solstice began more than 2,500 years ago in the Spring and Autumn period. The most common custom of the Winter Solstice is to eat dumplings.

Photo by Abhishek Sanwa Limbu on Unsplash

A: What’s your star sign?

Nǐ shì shénme xīngzuò de?

你是什么星座的?

B: I’m a Taurus.

Wǒ shì Jīnniú Zuò.

我是金牛座。

A: I heard that Tauruses are very good at managing financial matters. Is that true?

Tīngshuō Jīnniú Zuò de rén dōu hěn shàncháng lǐcái. Shì zhēnde ma?

听说金牛座的人都很擅长理财。是真的吗？

B: Not me. I always lose money in investments.

Wǒ jiù bù shàncháng. Wǒ tóuzī zǒng shì péiqián.

我就不擅长。我投资总是赔钱。

Talking about star signs might even be a shortcut to best-friendship:

A: You are a Gemini? That’s great!

Nǐ shì Shuāngzǐ Zuò? Tài hǎo le!

你是双子座？太好了！

B: Why?

Wèi shéme?

为什么？

A: I’m a Sagittarius. It’s said a Sagittarius always gets along with a Gemini.

Wǒ shì Shèshǒu Zuò. Jùshuō Shèshǒu Zuò hé Shuāngzǐ Zuò hédelái.

我是射手座。据说射手座和双子座合得来。

On the other hand, when a social interaction turns sour, astrology can be used to excuse one’s less-than-positive traits—“it’s not my fault, the stars made me this way!”

A: Come on! You have been looking through the menu for ages! Can’t you order quicker?

Bàituō! Nǐ kàn càidān dōu kàn le yī gè shìjì le! Néng kuài diǎnr diǎncān ma?

拜托！你看菜单都看了一个世纪了！能快点儿点餐吗？

B: As a Libra, I was born with difficulty making up my mind.

Zuòwéi Tiānchèng Zuò, wǒ tiānshēng xuǎnzé kùnnan.

作为天秤座, 我天生选择困难。

It’s even applicable to the workplace:

A: You’ve asked me to modify a design draft over 10 times! You’re so picky!

Nǐ dōu ràng wǒ gǎile shí biàn shèjì cǎogǎo le! Nǐ zhēnshi tài tiāotì le!

你都让我改了十遍设计草稿了！你真是太挑剔了！

B: Sorry. I am a Virgo, therefore a perfectionist.

Bàoqiàn, wǒ shì Chǔnǚ Zuò, wánměizhǔyìzhě.

抱歉，我是处女座，完美主义者。

The stars can also help shut down annoying questions or proposals:

A: Why aren’t you married yet? You know, I can fix you up with somebody nice.

Nǐ zěnme hái méi jiéhūn? Qíshí wǒ kěyǐ gěi nǐ jièshào gè hǎoduìxiàng.

你怎么还没结婚？其实我可以给你介绍个好对象。

B: Thanks, but the true love of an Aquarius is freedom.

Xièxie, dànshì Shuǐpíng Zuò de zhēn’ài shì zìyóu.

谢谢，但是水瓶座的真爱是自由。

Skepticism about astrology never vanishes. In case it’s not obvious, there is no scientific basis behind  these stellar stereotypes; but even so, when conversing with the gullible, it’s easy to manipulate one’s signs to suit one’s own interests.

Try saying this in a job interview:

I am a Capricorn, so I am always hardworking.

Wǒ shì Mójié Zuò, suǒyǐ wǒ gōngzuò yīxiàng fēicháng nǔlì.

我是摩羯座，所以我工作一向非常努力。

Or on a first date, when discussing compatibility:

A: Family always comes first for us Cancers.

Duì wǒmen Jùxiè Zuò lái shuō, jiātíng yǒngyuǎn shì dì yī wèi de.

对我们巨蟹座来说，家庭永远是第一位的。

B: Well, I’m a Sagittarius. Though I wouldn’t call myself a playboy, I’m not really into a monotonous life.

Zuòwéi Shèshǒu Zuò, suīrán wǒ búshì suǒwèi de huāhuā gōngzǐ, dàn wǒ quèshí bú tài xǐhuan nàzhǒng yì chéng bú biàn de shēnghuó.

作为射手座，虽然我不是所谓的花花公子，但我确实不太喜欢那种一成不变的生活。

When turning down an unwanted suitor, astrology is once again useful. Though it sounds extreme to reject someone based simply on their star sign, many people feel it’s kinder than giving out the real reason:

You are a good person, but an Aries and I are totally incompatible.

Nǐ rén hěn hǎo, dànshì wǒ gēn Báiyáng Zuò wánquán chǔbulái.

你人很好，但是我跟白羊座完全处不来。

Usually, people can take a hint, but sometimes one may encounter really serious astrology experts who won’t easily buy your astral mumbo-jumbo—that’s OK, though, because the stars are nothing if not always ambiguous:

A: I don’t think Aquariuses are all that free-spirited. Many of them really respect rules, and value order.

Wǒ rènwéi Shuǐpíng Zuò bù dōu nàme zìyóu sǎnmàn. Tāmen dāngzhōng hěnduō rén dōu zūnzhòng guīzé, chóngshàng zhìxù.

我认为水瓶座不都那么自由散漫。他们当中很多人都尊重规则，崇尚秩序。

B: That’s true, because the sun sign doesn’t determine everything. People are also influenced by their moon and rising signs.

Quèshí rúcǐ, yīnwèi tàiyáng xīngzuò bìng bùnéng juédìng yīqiè. Tāmen hái shòu yuèliàng xīngzuò hé shàngshēng xīngzuò de yǐngxiǎng.

确实如此, 因为太阳星座并不能决定一切。他们还受月亮星座和上升星座的影响。

The trickiest group to deal with is the astrology haters, who may have been the unfortunate victims of bias, and even discrimination, due to their signs: a Virgo turned down for a job, after being labeled an intractable paranoid and control freak; a Gemini suspected of cheating on their spouse; a Scorpio scorned as a cold-blooded grudge holder; a Taurus called an emotionless miser…

When meeting someone who gets sniffy about any constellation-based talk, it’s good to prepare a path of retreat:

A: Astrology is complete nonsense! I am a Leo, but when have I ever been arrogant, bossy, or self-centered?

Xīngzuò wánquán jiùshì wújī zhī tán! Wǒ shì Shīzi Zuò, dàn wǒ shénme shíhòu àomàn zìdà, yízhǐ qìshǐ, yǐ zìwǒ wéi zhōngxīn le?

星座完全就是无稽之谈！我是狮子座，但我什么时候傲慢自大、颐指气使、以自我为中心了？

B: Sure, I’m a Pisces, but I don’t spend all my time daydreaming, either! It’s just for fun, no one takes it seriously.

Shì a, wǒ shì Shuāngyú Zuò, yě méi chéngtiān chénmí yú huànxiǎng a! Bùguò dàjiā jiùshì shuōzhe wán de, méi rén dàngzhēn.

是啊，我是双鱼座，也没成天沉迷于幻想啊！不过大家就是说着玩的，没人当真。

One term, though, seems safe to use: 水逆 (shuǐnì), short for 水星逆行 (Shuǐxīng nìxíng, Mercury in retrograde.) Feel free to blame 水逆 for anything unpleasant, since it’s the common enemy of all the signs.

A: It was the worst week of my life. Everything went wrong!

Zhè shì wǒ zuì dǎoméi de yì zhōu le! Shénme dōu bú shùn!

这是我最倒霉的一周了！什么都不顺！

B: It must be caused by Mercury’s retrograde. But this will end soon.

Kěndìng shì Shuǐnì yǐnqǐ de. Dànshì Shuǐnì hěnkuài jiùyào jiéshù le.

肯定是水逆引起的。但是水逆很快就要结束了。

And on social media, here’s a phrase sure to uplift your friends and yourself:

Mercury’s retrograde begone!

Shuǐnì tuìsàn!

水逆退散！

Today, the Chinese lunar calendar is 7th. July. It is the Chinese Valentine’s Day, the Double-Seventh Day, 七夕节 (qī xī jié).

The Double Seventh Festival, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, is a traditional festival full of romance. It often goes into August in the Gregorian calendar.

This festival is in mid-summer when the weather is warm the grass and trees reveal their luxurious greens. At night when the sky is dotted with stars, and people can see the Milky Way spanning from the north to the south. On each bank of it is a bright star, which sees each other from afar. They are the Cowherd and the Weaver Maid, and about them there is a beautiful love story passed down from generation to generation.

Long, long ago, there was an honest and kind-hearted fellow named 牛郎 Niu Lang (Cowher). His parents died when he was a child. Later he was driven out of his home by his sister-in-law. So he lived by himself herding cattle and farming. One day, a fairy from heaven called 织女 Zhi Nu (the Weaver Maid) fell in love with him and came down secretly to earth and married him. The Cowherd farmed in the field and the Weaver Maid wove at home. They lived a happy life and gave birth to a boy and a girl. Unfortunately, the God of Heaven soon found out the fact and ordered the Queen Mother of the Western Heavens to bring the Weaver Maid back.

With the help of celestial cattle, the Cowher flew to heaven with his son and daughter. At the time when he was about to catch up with his wife，the Queen Mother took off one of her gold hairpins and made a stroke. One billowy river appeared in front of the Cowher. The Cowher and the Weaver Maid were separated on the two banks forever and could only feel their tears. Their loyalty to love touched magpies, so tens of thousands of magpies came to build a bridge for the Cowher and the Weaver Maid to meet each other. The Jade Emperor was eventually moved and allowed them to meet each year on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month. Hence their meeting date has been called “Qi Xi” (the Double Seventh).

Legend has it that on this evening，Niulang, or the Cowherd，and Zhinu，or the Weaver Maid, meet each other for their annual tryst on a bridge formed by sympathetic magpies over the Milky Way. If it happens to rain that night, a Chinese elder might say it is Zhinu weeping after meeting her husband Niulang on the Milky Way.

This day used to be commemorated as a festival for girls and also for young people in love. As the story goes, there was once a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But his sister-in-law disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company.
The cow, however, was a former god who had violated celestial rules and had been sent to earth in bovine form. One day he led Niulang to a lake where fairies came to bathe on earth; among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful girl and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and a daughter, and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China.

Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and a fairy was strictly forbidden. He sent his empress to fetch Zhinu. Niulang grew desperate when he found that Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulang’s misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died.

The magic shoes whisked off Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky, creating the Milky Way which separated the husband from his wife. But all was not lost. An army of magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. It is said that at that night, children can hear the private conversations between the Weaver Maid and the Cowherd under the grape trellis. This is how Qixi came to be.

七夕节 qī xī jié (the Chinese Valentine’s Day)

牛郎 niú lánɡ (Cowher)

织女 zhī nǚ  (the Weaver Maid) 

Dear, who is your 牛郎 or 织女 ?

The Taboo about Numbers

In Chinese culture, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious or inauspicious based on the Chinese word that the number name sounds similar to. However some Chinese people regard these beliefs to be superstitions.

Since the pronunciation and the vocabulary may be different in different Chinese dialects, the rules are generally not applicable for all cases.

Because of the supposed auspiciousness of certain numbers, some people will often choose, attempt to obtain, or pay large sums for numbers that are considered to be lucky for their phone numbers, street addresses, residence floor (in a multi-story building), driver’s license number, vehicle license plate number, bank account number, etc.

Lucky numbers are based on Chinese words that sound similar to other Chinese words. The numbers 6，8，and 9 are believed to have auspicious meanings because their names sound similar to words that have positive meanings.

The Taboo about Colors

In China, white is the color of mourning and death. Chinese people call wedding “red matters"，while funerals "white matters”. During a funeral, mourning dress，mourning hat, mourning shoes are unanimously white. Hence the white turns into fierce color in the daily life, which causes fear and disgust. In traditional opera, “white face” symbolizes betrayal and duplicity. On stage the role of Cao Cao’s face is white.

In Chinese culture, white and black make people think of white and black ghosts in the underworld who hook out people’s soul when they die. In modem times，influenced by foreign cultures, people begin to twine black weeds around their arms at funerals. So similar to white, black is also associated with death and misfortune. In modern times, black is associated with committing crimes and breaking law etc.

In Chinese culture, it’s a taboo for a male to wear a green hat. When a woman makes her husband a cuckold by committing adultery, her husband is said to “wear a green hat”. This meaning comes from Tang Dynasty, during which time, green was used as a sign of punishment in law. In Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated that men of prostitute’s family must wear green turban.
In China, the ancient Mongols were keen on the color blue, they call their country “blue Mongolian”. In Chinese, blue has a few symbolic meanings.

In China, yellow is associated with sex. However, in ancient times Yellow is the symbol of Chinese emperor, representing highly respectable, the divine right of kings, sacred and inviolable power. Yellow, the royal color used by the emperors, represents sacred and inviolable power, divine right and authority. And commoners were not allowed to wear yellow until modem times. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the roofs of the Imperial Palace, Royal Ancestral Temple and other royal buildings were all yellow. Yellow is also given the meaning of fairness, the five stars of the Five-Starred Red flag, the national flag of the People’s Republic of China，are also yellow.

The Yellow Mountain (黄山 huáng shān) is one of the most famous and beautiful mountains in China. It was enlisted as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1990.

The Yellow Mountain area lies in Anhui Province, Eastern China，about 300 km (200 miles) west of Hangzhou and 500 km (300 miles) southwest of Shanghai. The scenic area is about 50 km (30 miles) north of Huangshan City.

The Yellow Mountains is called Huangshan (Huang means ’yellow’ and shan means ‘mountain(s)’) in Chinese. Outstanding natural beauty is Huangshan’s number one feature. Yellow Mountain’s classic attractions could be counted as five natural wonders in the winter: the imaginatively named pines, oddly-shaped rocks, the sea of clouds, hot springs and winter snowscapes.

The glow of the sunrise and sunset draws the crowds to popular viewing spots. Buddha’s Light (an optical phenomenon like a halo surrounding the observer’s shadow, once thought to show the observer’s enlightenment) may be witnessed.
Compactness means more mountain scenery for less walking. Huangshan Scenic Area is a mountainous area of 154 square kilometers (59 square miles). The main attractions are in a corridor 6km from west to east and 12km from south to north. It’s about 500m above sea level at the south gate，and the highest peak, Lotus Peak, is 1873m high. The 1400m+ peaks are all within 6km. The 1200m+ zone is about 10km in diameter，beyond which the mountains tail off rapidly in height. Although Huangshan is not very impressive in its dimensions, its features are extremely rugged and sheer.

There are hundreds of peaks and thousands of ravines in the Yellow Mountain, 72 of which have been named. The Heavenly Capital Peak (1,800m)，the Lotus Flower Peak and the Bright Summit (1841m/6040ft) are the three major peaks, all rising more than 1,800 meters (5,900 feet) above sea level. They often have their heads above the clouds, giving them a majestic appearance. The Yellow Mountain Scenic Area has two lakes, three waterfalls, 16 springs and 24 brooks all noted for their outstanding beauty.

There are only two sizeable mountain chains in Anhui, which line up from tail to head, from west to east. Huangshan represents the head of the taller eastern chain, facing east towards the Pacific. Huangshan owes its magnificent and regionally best propensity for collecting clouds to its favorable location and suitable size, making it the first to really catch moist Pacific air drifting in from 300+ km (200+ miles) away，past Hangzhou. If Huangshan were less elevated or further from the open ocean it would not act like the cloud-catching hand, with peaks rising like fingers for mortals to stand on and view from.

Huangshan famous food

   黄山毛尖 (huángshān máo jiān) maojian Chinese tea
   白木耳 (bái mù ěr) white fungus
   山核桃 (shān hé tao) Chinese  walnut
   灵芝 (líng zhī) gyrophora

Animals have always been an indispensable part of the Chinese people’s daily lives. Naturally, many Chinese words reflect the close relationship between animals and the Chinese people. For example, in the Year of the Dragon, people will say “生龙活虎”(shēng lóng huó hǔ, which means doughty as a dragon and lively as a tiger); this describes someone who is full of vim and vigor. In this article, I will present to you a few frequently used animal-related Chinese words.

Dragon 龙

“龙”(lóng, dragon) is, a fictitious animal (just like it is in Western cultures). This animal combines the features of many real animals such as the deer, ox, fish, snake, and so on. “龙” has a unique significance to the Chinese people. In the minds of the Chinese, “龙” is holy and sacred and can control the rain and wind. The Chinese people often proudly call themselves “龙的传人”(lóng de chuán rén, descendants of “the dragon”).

Below are some common Chinese words involving “虎”:

1) “龙潭虎穴”(lóng tán hǔ xué)
Literally, “龙潭虎穴” means “dragon’s pond and tiger’s lair.”

Colloquially, “龙潭虎穴” means “a dangerous place.”

E.g.

警察经常深入龙潭虎穴去调查疑难案件。

(Jīng chá jīng cháng shēn rù lóng tán hǔ xué qù diào chá yí nán àn jiàn.)

The police often walk into dangerous places to investigate difficult cases.

2) “龙腾虎跃”(lóng téng hǔ yuè)
Literally, “龙腾虎跃” means “dragon rises and tiger jumps.”

Colloquially, “龙腾虎跃” means “very active.”

E.g.

运动场上，同学们个个龙腾虎跃。

(Yùn dòng chàng shàng, tóng xué mén gè gè lóng téng hǔ yuè.)

The students on the playground are all very active.

3) “龙争虎斗”(lóng zhēng hǔ dòu)
Literally, “龙争虎斗” means “a tiger and a dragon fight each other.”

Colloquially, “龙争虎斗” means “a fierce struggle between well-matched opponents.”

E.g.

这两队龙争虎斗，比赛非常激烈。

(Zhè liǎng duì lóng zhēng hǔ dòu, bǐ sài fēi cháng jī liè.)

The two opposing teams, having engaged in a fierce struggle with each other, presented the spectators with a very exciting game.

4) “龙蛇混杂”(lóng shé hùn zá)
Literally, “龙蛇混杂” means “dragons and snakes jumbled together.”

Colloquially, “龙蛇混杂” means “good people and bad people mixed together.”

E.g.

这个小区龙蛇混杂，不利于管理。

(Zhè gè xiǎo qū lóng shé hùn zá, bú lì yú guǎn lǐ.)

There are both bad and good people in this community, which causes problems in management.

5) “鲤鱼跳龙门”(lí yú tiào lóng mén)
Literally, “鲤鱼跳龙门” means that a carp leaps over the dragon’s gate.

Colloquially, “鲤鱼跳龙门” means “ordinary people succeeding in national exams in feudal China.”

E.g.

在古代中国，人人都想鲤鱼跳龙门。

(Zài gǔ dài zhōng guó, rén rén dōu xiǎng lǐ yú tiào lóng mén.)

In ancient China, everyone wanted to succeed in national exams and become government officials.

Other Chinese words that are related to “龙”:

“龙舌兰”(lóng shé lán): maguey

“龙须面”(lóng xū miàn): long, thin noodles

“龙井茶”(lóng jǐng chá): a famous green tea produced in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province

“龙袍”(lóng páo): a yellow gown embroidered with dragons worn by emperors

“一条龙服务”(yì tiáo long fú wù): one-stop service

Phoenix 凤凰

“凤凰”(fèng huáng, phoenix) is also a fictitious animal. The phoenix is called the “king of the birds.” Legendarily, “凤凰,” just like “龙”, combines the features of many real animals, such as the swallow, snake, fish, deer, turtle, and so on. Originally, a male phoenix was called “凤”(fèng), and a female phoenix was called “凰”(huáng). After the Qin and Han dynasties, people gradually didn’t speak of the male phoenix, and “凤凰” only refers to the female phoenix.

“凤凰” is considered the symbol of harmony and auspiciousness by the Chinese people. Across Chinese history, “凤凰” has always been an essential part of the Chinese culture and language.

1) “龙飞凤舞”(lóng fēi fèng wǔ)
Literally, “龙飞凤舞” means “dragon flies and phoenix dances.”

Colloquially, “龙飞凤舞” means “lively and vigorous handwriting style.”

E.g.

我语文老师写的字如龙飞凤舞。

(Zhè wèi lāo shī xiě de zì rú lóng fēi fèng wǔ.)

The Chinese characters my Chinese teacher wrote are lively and vigorous.

2) “凤毛麟角”(fèng máo lín jiǎo)
Literally, “凤毛麟角” means “phoenix’s feathers and qílín’s horns.”

Colloquially, “凤毛麟角” refers to “rare things or exceptional people.”

E.g.

在军队，女兵有如 “凤毛麟角。”

(Zài jūn duì, nǚ bīng yǒu rú “fèng máo lín jiǎo.”)

In the army, female soldiers are extremely rare.

3) “凤泊鸾飘”(fèng bó luán piāo)
Literally, “凤泊鸾飘” means “phoenix berths and luán (also a mythical bird) wanders.”

Colloquially, “凤泊鸾飘” means that a couple is separated from one another.

E.g.

这对夫妇八年离散，凤泊鸾飘，团聚时，喜极而泣。

(Zhè duì fū fù bā nián lí sàn, fèng bó luán piāo, tuán jù shí, xǐ jí ér qì.)

This couple, separated from one another eight years ago, cried out of pure joy when they were reunited.

4) “攀龙附凤”(pān lóng fù fèng)
Literally, “攀龙附凤” means “climb a dragon and stick to a phoenix.”

Colloquially, “攀龙附凤” means “playing up to people of power and influence.”

E.g.

James今天的成就都是攀龙附凤得来的。

(James jīn tiān de chéng jiù dōu shì pān lóng fù fèng dé lái de.)

James is what he is because he played up to people of power and influence.

Animals are essential to people’s lives. Such importance is reflected in animals’ roles in human language. Above I have shown you how the Chinese see some animals through a few Chinese words related to these animals, but these words are only the tip of the iceberg. Stay tuned for the second part of this article.